In the year 536 BCE King Cyrus the Great of Persia gave a royal edict allowing Jews (and others) to go home (from their captivity in Babylon) and build their temple. This decree is preserved on a cylinder kept in the British Museum in London. Jews had been taken to captivity/exile in Babylon 50 years prior when the Babylonians destroyed the Temple of Solomon. The return of Jews to Zion (Jerusalem) is remembered in the Psalms, notably in 137 (By the Rivers of Babylon) and 126 (When the Lord returned us to Zion) which are sung as introduction paragraphs to the Grace after Meals in Jewish tradition (by Sephardi and Ashkenazi communities respectively). A a tour guide of Israel, these are some of my favorite songs to play on the ride into Jerusalem.
The thing is, we barely have any archaeological record of this period. Now two pottery shards were found in Jerusalem, the city's most active dig - in the area of the Givati parking lot across the street from the City of David - which can help to shed some light on this time period. For more check out the article here: https://www.timesofisrael.com/2500-year-old-seals-may-show-jews-rebuilding-jerusalem-after-1st-temple-exile/
Shabbat Shalom.
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